Abstract There is a rapid decline in the ecologically and biologically rich South-west Forest Reserves and Protected Areas coupled with negative implications on environmental, social and economic sustainability. Thus, this study evaluated the status and drivers of spatial change of Forest Reserves (FR) and Protected Areas (PA) in Southwest Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. Forty-four (FR) and one (PA) in Ogun, Osun and Oyo States were selected as representative samples. Forest users (37), Households (68), Community Leaders (10), Government officials (13) totaling 128 respondents were randomly selected. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing as well as quantitative and qualitative methods of data were used to analyze the data collected. The temporal dynamics of the F.R and P.R shows that about 75% of the forest reserves have been degraded. Analysis also showed that degradation is higher in Oyo state compared to Ogun and Osun states as about 50% of the reserves in state has been converted to human settlement (built-up areas). Findings show the major drivers of this massive environmental degradation of forest estates in South-west Nigeria are deforestation, population growth, urbanization, industrialization, agricultural practices, construction and change in government policies. The study thus recommends that there is a need for strict implementation of the 2006 National Forest Policy and periodic monitoring of the forest estate with the use of GIS and Remote Sensing techniques. This will help in knowing the status of the FR and PA per time; reduce the rate of massive degradation and deforestation in South-west Nigeria and enhance forest landscape restoration (FLR) in South-west Nigeria. Keywords: Status, drivers, degradation, deforestation, anthropogenic activities, sustainable forest management. STATUS AND DRIVERS OF SPATIAL CHANGE OF FOREST RESERVES AND PROTECTED AREAS IN SELECTED STATES OF SOUTHWEST NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF OGUN, OSUN AND OYO STATES, NIGERIA 1 2 3 B. M. Fasona, * Adedoyin and I. Sobanke 1Department of Geography, University of Lagos, Akoka – Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria 2Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria 3Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Cartography, Department of Geography, University of Lagos, Akoka – Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria *Corresponding author’s e-mail: bello.adedoyin@yahoo.com OSUN GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW Published by the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria ISSN: 2695 - 1959 Volume 3, 2020; 54 – 69 Introduction In the just released Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2018 report, the importance Forest Reserves (FR) and Protected Areas (PA) are of forest in fighting against catastrophic climate critical to life as they provide ecosystem services; change based on their ability to store and absorb protect the soil, regulate and stabilize climate, carbon was reemphasized (Pearce, 2018). That is, provide fresh water, raw materials, shelter, food, reducing deforestation is crucial to slowing global genetic materials, act as a barrier against disasters, a warming. The sharp decline in the forest cover which stable source of resources amongst others is majorly due to deforestation and degradation has (Mansourian, et al. 2009; Forest Stewardship been attributed majorly to human activities (Adeniyi, Council, 2017).They support about 1.6 billion 2016; FAO, 2007, Orimoogunje et al. 2009). people's livelihoods and nearly 80% of the world's terrestrial species are supported by forests (WWF, According to Food and Agriculture Organization 2017). There is however an increasing global (FAO), forests in Africa are disappearing at an concerns as regards the decline of FR, biodiversity alarming rate; at a rate of more than 4 million (MN) loss and PA which has great consequence on hectares per year which is twice the world's economic, social and environmental sustainability. deforestation average. The greatest and most 54 destructive cause of deforestation in Africa is the If this high rate of deforestation and environmental conversion of forest land for agricultural purposes degradation in Nigeria is not properly contained, the (Fleshman, 2008; Butler, 2012; Swanborough, 2016). forest estate will not have the ability to provide its Nigeria which was once the heart of the tropical goods and services for human use and would also rainforest belt has lost about 95% of her total forest not be able to meet the never-ending demands of the cover and now imports 75% of the timber she present and future generations. Thus, this paper requires for her own purpose (Adeniyi, 2016). The determined the status and drivers of spatial change of loss of forest reserves at present in Nigeria is at a rate the forest reserves and protected areas in south west of 3.5% annually as a result of land cover Nigeria. It also determined the current status of the modification and conversion which has direct impact FR and PA with reference to the base year 1960 using on loss of biodiversity and its attendant negative Landsat Imageries of 2016 and identified the factors effect on the ecological setting (Orimoogunje et al., contributing to the change in spatial extent of the 2009). Adeniyi (2016) while quoting FAO statistics forest reserves and protected areas in the study area. stated that the forest size of Nigeria declined to This would help in sustainable management of the 11,089,000ha in 2005 from 13,517,000ha in 2000 and forest reserves and protected areas and also promote further reduced to 9,041,000 in 2016. Also, earlier sustainable environment. studies on forest reserves and protected areas in Nigeria revealed that deforestation resulting from Materials and Methodsfarmland encroachment, increasing population, Study Areapressure from human activities (like hunting, logging, conversion of land use, grazing, cross The South West geopolitical zone of Nigeria boundary influence, among others), among others comprises Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun and Ekiti states. has greatly affected the reserves which has led to loss The region lies between Longitude 2°31' and 6°00'E of biodiversity and genetic resources, increasing and Latitude 6°21' and 8°37'N with total land mass carbon dioxide (Orimoogunje et al. 2009; Oduntan et of approximately 77,815 square kilometers al. 2013; Ayanlade, 2016). (Faleyimu et al., 2013). Figure 1: Map of the Study Area Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 55 It is bounded in the North by Kwara and Kogi States; Data Sources and Image Pre-processing in the South by the Gulf of Guniea; East by Edo and Topographical maps, Landsat imageries and Delta States and in the West by the Rebublic of questionnaires were used to collect data used for this Benin. The climate of this region is tropical in nature, paper. Topographical maps of Southwestern Nigeria and dominated by the influence of the maritime were used as the base map for extracting the forest tropical air mass, equitorial easterlies and the reserves and protected areas in the study area. continental tropical air mass (Faleyimu et al., 2013; Landsat imageries of the year 2016 covering the Omogbai, 2010). It is characterized by wet (March to study area were used in determining the current November) and dry (November to February) seasons status of the forest reserves and protected areas while with a temperature ranging between 21and 34°C and the structured questionnaires and interview were the an annual rainfall between 1500 and 3000mm. The tools used in carrying out social survey for this wet season is associated with the Southwest research work. Stratified Random Sampling monsoon wind from the Atlantic Ocean while the technique was used for the social survey. Stratified dry season is associated with the northeast trade Sampling method is a form of random and wind from the Sahara Desert. probability sampling technique in which the The region's vegetation comprises of fresh swamp population is divided into different strata (groups) and magrove forest at the belt. The Nigerian lowland based on common characteristics (Dudovskiy, 2015). forest region is confined to a narrow band along the In the division of the population into strata, each coast in the Southwest of Nigeria. The low land in element has the chance of being selected. The sample the forest extends inland to Ogun and part of size used for the study area is two hundred fifty (250). Ondo State, while secondary forest is towards the The stakeholders in the population were then divided northern boundary where the derived southern into four strata namely Households, Forest users, Savannah exists (Faleyimu et al., 2013). The study Government Officials and Community Leaders. area measures relatively well on the economic scale Each questionnaire was divided into segments. as the region boosts of agricultural produce of food Table 1 shows the spatial data sources and their and cash crops which includes plantain, cassava, characteristics. cocoa, maize, kola nut, cocoa, plantain, yam, rice, citrus, timber, millet, cashew, maize, vegetables among others. Table 1: Spatial Data Sources and Characteristics Parameter Landsat 8 Topographical map Date acquired 2016 1960 Identification/Coverage WRS-2, Path192_Row 054; Path191_Row054; Path190_Row054; Path191_Row055; Path190_Row055; Path191_Row056; Path190_Row056 Ogun, Osun and Oyo States Spatial resolution (m) 30 (100m – thermal, 15 m pan) - Sensor OLI/TIRS - Spectral resolution 11 bands: B 1: Coastal aerosol, Blue, Green, Red, Near-IR, SWIR-1, SWIR-2, Panchromatic, Cirrus, Thermal-IR 1, Thermal-IR 2 Radiometric Resolution 16-bit pixel values 8 Temporal Resolution I6 days 3-5 (DMC satellites) Swath width (km) 185 Year launched 2013 Map Projection Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) UTM Zone 31 Datum WGS84 Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 56 The Landsat imageries were extracted and brought Mercator (UTM) projection with Clarke 1880 into ENVI 5.3 environment. After a careful spheroid for proper projection and to make it consideration bands 7,5,3 (Shortwave infrared registered with the Landsat imageries as plan (SWIR), Green and Red) were layer stacked together metrically accurate data source. Similarly, each in order to generate a composite image of the study Questionnaire was given an identification number area. This was done so as to carry out a land-use land- (ID) which was used to separate each community cover classification to determine the status of forest and states surveyed. Two hundred and fifty (250) estate and protected areas in South-western Nigeria. questionnaires were distributed and in all, a total of Also, the topographical sheets were scanned and one hundred and twenty-eight (128) questionnaires imported to ArcGIS 10.3.1 environment. Thereafter, were filled. they were geo-rectified using Universal Transverse Table 2: Surveyed Communities and their Identification Number Source: Author's fieldwork ID State LGA Name of community Questionnaires Filled Total Forest Users Households Community Leaders Government Officials 1 Ogun State Ijebu-Ode, Ijebu-East,Ijebu North, Odogbolu Atiba, Area J4, Ilese, Adefisan, Ejirin Road, Odogbolu 16 27 4 9 56 3 Oyo Iseyin, Orire North, Abaletu Sawmill, Arowosaye, Orimoje 8 15 3 3 29 4 Osun Ife-East, Obokun, Ajegunle, Ibokun, Ita-Osa, atagijere 13 26 3 1 43 Total 3 8 13 37 68 10 13 128 Modified from Anderson et al. (1976) Table 3: Classification Schema Used for Land-use Land-cover Classification SN Level 1 Code Level 11 Description of classes 1 Built-up Land 11 Residential This consist of completed buildings, uncompleted buildings, Foot path, Minor roads and Major road 12 13 Commercial and Services Industrial 14 16 17 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities Mixed Urban or Built-up Land Other Urban or Built-up Land 2 Forest Land 41 Heavy Forest These are areas covered by broad leaved evergreen and deciduous forest areas of height between 3-5m. This includes light and heavy, gallery, palm and montane forest. 42 Light Forest 3 Water body 41 Rivers These includes all streams, ponds, lakes, dams and river within the study area. 42 Lagoon 4 Outcrop 5 Wetlands 61 Forested Wetlands These are areas of marshes, mudflats, and swamps situated on the shallow margins of bays, lakes, ponds, streams, and manmade impoundments such as reservoirs. 62 Non-forested Wetlands 6 Barren Land 61 Open space/Bare surface This includes open space, sandy areas bare exposed rocks and transitional area Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 57 That is 68 household respondents, 37 forest users and 1976 (as shown in Table 3). These classes were 10 community leaders were engaged in 13 selected identified based on their nucleation, pattern, shape, communities across 8 Local Government Area hue association, texture and tone. (LGAs) in the study area. Also, 13 government For the topographical sheets, feature extraction officials from the three states (Osun, Ogun and Oyo) (points, Line and Polygon) was done. Rivers were were engaged. Table 2 below gives a detailed represented as Line, Settlements as points while description of the identification number on each Forest Reserves and Protected areas were extracted questionnaire. as polygonal features. Correspondingly, using Statistical Package for Social Data Processing Sciences (SPSS), response on the questionnaires were coded after which a descriptive analysis was In carrying out the Land-use Land-cover (LULC) done on each questionnaire. A context analysis was classification, identification and extraction of classes used in identifying the responsibilities of the was carried out on the composite image of the area of government agencies, procedures for applying for which level II classification was done. Nine classes forest activities, staff strength and drivers of LULC (namely: water body, built-up, bare/Open surface, changes in the study area. Also, the results are Light Forest, Outcrop, Heavy forest, Degraded presented in form of charts and tables. forest, wetland and Savanna woodland) were identified which was modified from Anderson et al Table 4: Static Land-Cover for the year 1960 Source: Author's Lab. Work State Forest Reserve Area (Ha) % State Forest Reserve Area (Ha) % Oyo State 1 Aregunte 10,695.61 1.75 Osun State 2 Ijaiye_ 23,919.34 3.91 27 Shasha 28,140.52 31.96 3 Odo Ogun 893.04 0.15 28 Ife 16,694.81 18.96 4 Iseyin Central 123.44 0.02 29 Ago Owu 29,763.11 33.80 5 Iseyin West 120.85 0.02 30 Oni 3,517.70 4.00 6 Iseyin East 33.32 0.01 31 Ikeji 1,695.32 1.93 7 Upper Ogun 254,492.99 41.55 32 Ede 1,345.87 1.53 8 Otuma 32.03 0.01 33 Oba Hill 6,288.70 7.14 9 Otuma2 50.03 0.01 34 Ejigbo 355.64 0.40 10 Eruwa1 43.44 0.01 35 Oshogbo 194.92 0.22 11 Eruwa2 30.23 0.00 36 Ile 49.78 0.06 12 Eruwa3 43.87 0.01 Total 88,046.38 13 Eruwa4 60.46 0.01 14 Okpara 249,529.81 40.74 Ogun State 15 Otumo 13,633.46 2.23 16 Igangan 37,086.29 6.06 37 Imeko 62,137.53 25.32 17 Osho 3,782.72 0.62 38 Odugbe 14,262.35 5.81 18 Eleyele 969.97 0.16 39 Aworo 23,918.63 9.75 19 Aremo 63.82 0.01 40 Araranga 135.73 0.06 20 Ibadan 513.50 0.08 41 Olokomeji 6,032.22 2.46 21 Ogunna 26.37 0.00 42 Eggua 4,577.12 1.86 22 Gambari 13,730.91 2.24 43 Ohumbe 4,454.35 1.81 23 Oloyan 73.09 0.01 44 Illaro 3,460.12 1.41 24 Olla Hill 1,928.11 0.31 45 Omo 126,463.85 51.52 25 Ogbomosho 197.42 0.03 Total 245,441.91 26 Ogbmosho Water Works 377.71 0.06 Total 612,451.82 Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 58 Results and Discussion forest, built-up and bare surface. Other Land-cover classes are heavy forest, water body, wetland and Descriptive Statistics of Landuse Landcover (LULC) of Outcrop. Table 5 gives a detailed description of the the study area in 1960 and 2016 LULC classes in the study area. The statics of Landuse Landcover (LULC) of the study area in 1960 based on the vectorization of the topographical of the study area as shown in Table 4 Temporal changes of the Forest Reserves and Figure 2, reveals that there are forty-four forest The temporal dynamics of the forest reserves and reserves and one protected area in Osun, Ogun and protected area in the study show significant alteration Oyo state. It is then assumed that the dominant land- and encroachment due to anthropogenic activities cover for this year is dense forest which is based on which has caused a reduction in the forest cover as their floristic composition. opposed to the dense forest in 1960. This relates to From the LULC classification carried out from a the findings of (Fasona, et al., 2018; Orimaye et al., modified Anderson Classification, it was observed 2018) which shows the effect of anthropogenic that the current dominant classes are light activities in the study area. In general, of the total vegetation/ forest, woodland/ shrubs, degraded area of forested areas for the three states, about 39% Figure 2: Status of Forest Reserves and Protected Area in 1960 Oyo Ogun Osun LULC Class Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Dense Forest 12,992.97 5.29 22,101.72 25.10 Light Vegetation 56,477.20 9.22 127,620.23 52.00 45,033.03 51.15 Woodland / shrubs 28,2416.7 46.11 28,012.03 11.41 Degraded Forest 269,307.85 43.97 75,831.94 30.90 19,697.31 22.37 Wetland 219.97 0.04 546.20 0.22 0.00 Bare Surface 686.41 0.11 4.34 0.00 0.62 0.00 Built-up Area 1,656.42 0.27 434.00 0.18 572.21 0.65 Water Body 1,333.78 0.22 0.18 0.00 0.09 0.00 Outcrop 353.49 0.06 0.00 0.00 641.34 0.73 Total 612,451.83 100.00 245,441.90 100.00 88,046.37 100.00 Table 5: Static Forest Reserve and Protected Areas in South-Western Nigeria in 2016 Source: Author's Lab. Work Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 59 have been altered to deforested area while 23% have Ogun State changed to derived savanna woodland / shrubs. In this state, the dominant LULC classes are light Light forest can only be seen in 24% of the area while vegetation, degraded forest and woodland/shrubs. total area of dense forest in 1960 (945940 ha) have Other than Omo Forest reserve, all other reserves in been decimated to about 35,000ha (a 96% change) as the state do not have dense forest. This is evident as shown in figure 3. light vegetation comprises of 52% of the total land The results show that the level of changes varies area while degraded areas cover 30.90% of the area. across the states and these changes can be related to For example, as shown in figure 5 Imeko, Odugbe, the significant anthropogenic activities within and Eggua and Ohumbe forest have been heavily around the reserves. deforested while Araranga forest reserve no longer exists as it is now a built-up area. These findings are in line with Oduntan et al's., (2013) findings which Oyo State states that all protected areas in Yewa division of Ogun state are threathened by human activities like It can be observed that in Oyo state, there is no dense logging, harvesting of non-timber forest products, forest but savanna, deforested areas and built-up gazing and so on.areas which are as a result of anthropogenic activities (as shown in figure 4) (Akingbogun et al., 2012; Adedeji et al., 2015). Specifically, about 44% of the Osun State forest reserve and protected area have been deforested and this is evident in Eleyele Forest Unlike Ogun and Oyo states, about 25% of the total Reserve, Ogbomosho Forest Reserve, Iseyin East area of forest reserves in Osun state are dense forest Forest Reserve, Ogbomosho Water Works Forest and this can be found in Shasha forest reserve (76%), Reserve, Ibadan Forest Reserve, Eruwa 3, Ogunna Ife forest reserve (15%), Ago-owu forest reserve (1%), Forest Reserve, Aremo and Iseyin East, which have Oni forest reserve (7%) and Ikeji forest reserve (1%). been converted to human settlements (built-up Also, as shown in figure 6, about 22% of the total areas). Furthermore, Oyo national park which is a forest cover have been degraded of which Oshogbo protected area has been degraded (Omolere et al., forest reserve have been converted to human 2016) as woodland/ shrubs covers 48.29% while light settlement (Built-up area). vegetation and degraded area covers 34.26% and 36.19% respectively. Figure 3: Temporal Characteristics of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in 2016 Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 60 F igu re 4 : S tatu s o f F o rest R eserves an d P ro tected A rea in O yo S tate fo r 2 0 1 6 Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 61 F ig u re 5 : S tatu s o f F o rest R eserves in O gu n S tate in 2 0 1 6 Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 62 F ig u re 6 : S tatu s o f F o rest R eserves in O su n S tate fo r th e year 2 0 1 6 Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 63 Perception of Changes in Vegetation and LULC Nigeria. Other drivers include absence of Categories Compared to the Last 20-30 years afforestation efforts, unemployment, poverty, civilization, corruption, encroachment, over logging, In an attempt to further understand LULC dynamics forest protection laws, technological advancement of the study area, the following sets of people; and Illiteracy. It is evident from the content analysis household, community leaders and agency officials that the majority of the respondents in Ogun state were interviewed for their perception on the subject (61%), Oyo state (68%), Osun state (47%) stated that matter. Their observation correlates with the the key drivers of change in areal extent of the forest classification sourced through remotely sensed data. reserves in the study area are urbanization, To be more specific, forest lands, forest plantation, construction, Industrialization, population growth, woodland, water, wetland and grassland in South agricultural practices and change in government Western Nigeria has decreased compared to the last or/policies. The result further revealed that 27 % of 20-30 years. As shown in Table 6, the decrease in the respondents in Osun state, 18% in Oyo state and these vegetation and land-cover categories was 14% in Ogun states agreed that forest encroachment, mainly attributed to human activities which have over logging, non-compliance to forest protection increased exponentially in the last decade or so, laws, change in government and deforestation are the e s p e c i a l ly a c t iv i t i e s l i k e u r b a n a r e a s, major drivers of the change in areal extent of the agriculture/cropland and bare surfaces. forest reserves in the study area. For instance, as shown in Table 6, LULC whose areal Thus, it can be inferred from the content analysis that extent has reduced in the last 20-30 years in Ogun these factors are responsible for extreme degradation state are forest land (94%), forest plantation (89%) of the forest reserves and protected areas in South and woodland (83%). In Oyo state, forest land and Western Nigeria. woodland (95%), forest plantation (91%), wetland and grassland (67%) has reduced significantly in the Furthermore, the respondents were asked to rate the last 20-30 years. Similarly, forest land (94%), extent to which selected proximate factors affect woodland (91%) and forest plantation (88%) have vegetation and land-use change in South-western reduced in the past 20-30 years in Osun state. Nigeria. As shown in Appendix 1, market However, LULC types whose areal extent has infrastructure (87%), crop cultivation (74%), increased in the past 20-30 years in Ogun state are afforestation efforts (74%), reforestation efforts urban areas (86%), bare surfaces (50%) and (71%), urban growth (68%), private constructions agriculture/cropland. In Oyo state, the LULC (68%), dams and large water impoundments (68%), categories whose areal extent has increased are industrialization (65%) and opening/closing of agriculture/cropland (76.2%), urban areas (76%) forest (55%) are the major proximate land change and bare surface (57%) while urban areas (100%), factors driving significant (high, moderate and agriculture/cropland (88%) and bare surfaces (53%) extreme) positive impact on the vegetation and land- have increased Osun state. use change Osun state. Those driving negative impact are flood (61%), animal grazing (58%), Fires (55%) and drought (52%) while mining (42%), temperature Drivers of change in spatial extent of the forest reserves (36%) has both negative and positive impact on the and protected areas in the study area on the vegetation and land-use change in the state. In Ogun state the major proximate land change factors Based on the perception of the respondents on the driving significant (high, moderate and extreme) changes in vegetation and land-cover categories in positive impact are reforestation efforts (69%), Southwestern Nigeria, it can be observed that the afforestation efforts (66%), urban growth (47%), and major factors contributing to the change in spatial market infrastructure (44%). The major proximate extent of the forest reserves and protected areas in factors driving negative impact in the state are south western Nigeria are urbanization, charcoal production (53%), animal grazing (50%), construction, deforestation, industrialization, flood (50%) and drought (47%). However, some population growth, agricultural practices and change opined that industrial ization (44%) and in government/or policies. This is in line with the transportation (38%) has both positive and negative previous findings (Faleyimu & Agbeja, 2012; impact on the vegetation and land-use change in the Ogundele & Micheal, 2016; Fasona, et al., 2018) on state. the factors driving forest change in Southwestern Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 64 O gu n O yo O su n 0 1 2 3 T o tal 1 2 3 T o tal 1 2 3 T o tal F r % F r % F r % F r % F r % F r % F r % F r % F r % F r % A g ricu ltu re/ cro p lan d 2 5 .6 1 5 4 1 .7 1 7 4 7 .2 2 5 .6 3 6 1 0 0 1 6 7 6 .2 4 1 9 .1 1 4 .8 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 8 8 4 1 2 3 4 1 0 0 F o rest lan d 2 5 .6 0 0 3 4 9 4 0 0 3 6 1 0 0 1 4 .8 2 0 9 5 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 5 .9 3 2 9 4 3 4 1 0 0 F o rest P lan tatio n 2 5 .6 2 5 .6 3 2 8 9 0 0 3 6 1 0 0 2 9 .5 1 9 9 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 8 .8 3 0 8 8 1 3 3 4 1 0 0 W o o d lan d 2 5 .6 2 5 .6 3 0 8 3 2 5 .6 3 6 1 0 0 1 4 .8 2 0 9 5 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 5 .9 3 1 9 1 1 3 3 4 1 0 0 W etlan d 2 5 .6 3 8 .3 2 0 5 6 1 1 3 1 3 6 1 0 0 1 4 .8 1 4 6 7 6 2 9 2 1 1 0 0 6 1 8 1 7 5 0 1 1 3 2 3 4 1 0 0 G rasslan d 2 5 .6 8 2 2 2 0 5 6 6 1 7 3 6 1 0 0 3 1 4 1 4 6 7 4 1 9 2 1 1 0 0 6 1 8 2 4 7 1 4 1 2 3 4 1 0 0 W ater 5 1 4 5 1 4 1 8 5 0 8 2 2 3 6 1 0 0 5 2 4 1 2 5 7 4 1 9 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 8 1 3 3 8 8 2 4 3 4 1 0 0 B are S u rfaces 2 5 .6 1 8 5 0 8 2 2 8 2 2 3 6 1 0 0 1 2 5 7 7 3 3 2 9 .5 2 1 1 0 0 1 8 5 3 1 4 4 1 2 6 3 4 1 0 0 U rb an A reas 2 5 .6 3 1 8 6 2 5 .6 1 3 3 6 1 0 0 1 6 7 6 3 1 4 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 F ig u re 6 : S tatu s o f F o rest R eserves in O su n state fo r th e year 2 0 1 6 W h ere: 0 = N o resp o n se; 1 = In creasin g; 2 = D ecreasin g; 3 = N o C h an ge; f = F req u en cy S o u rce: A u th o r's F ield w o rk . Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 65 Additionally, in Oyo state, the major proximate land periodic monitoring of the forest estate with the use change factors driving significant (high, moderate of GIS and Remote Sensing techniques as this would and extreme) positive impact on the vegetation and help in knowing the status of each reserve and land-use change are reforestation efforts and protected area. Also, the 2006 Nigeria forest policy afforestation efforts (67%), crop cultivation (61%), should be strictly implemented as this would help industrialization (44%), Fuel/ firewood and Pole salvage the current rate of degradation in the study wood extraction (44%). Animal grazing (50%), area. drought (50%) are driving negative impact while The study thus recommends that: terrain (33%) is driving positive and negative impact · There is a need for aggressive afforestation and respectively. reforestation in all forest reserves in the study areas rather than limitation to natural re- Conclusion growth. This study analyzed the status and driver of forest · The Restoration Diagnostic which was reserves and protected areas in the study area. The developed as part of The Restoration temporal dynamics of the forest reserves and Opportunities Assessment Methodology protected area in the study shows significant (ROAM) for Global Forest Landscape alteration and encroachment of the forest estate as a Restoration (FLR) can be incorporated with the result of anthropogenic activities which has caused a 2006 forest policy so as to drive successful reduction in the forest cover as opposed to the heavy regeneration of degraded and depleted forest forest in 1960 in the study area. Analysis shows that not only in the study area but in the country. the forest estate in South-western Nigeria has been · There is a need for periodic monitoring of the enormously decimated as about 75% of the forest forest estate with the use of Geographic reserves have been degraded. It was further Information Systems as this would help discovered that except for Osun state which still has sustainable forest management. about 25% heavy forest, there are no heavy forest in · Strict Implementation of the 2006 forest policy the study area. It also showed that human activities so as to salvage the current situation of high such as industrialization, urbanization, population degradation and depletion of forest reserves growth and deforestation are the major drivers of and protected areas in South-western Nigeria.degradation of forest reserves and protected areas in South-western Nigeria. Thus, there is a need for References https://www.fig. net/resources/proceedings/ fig_proceedings/fig2012/papers/ss03b/SS03B_akiAdedeji, O. H., Tope-Ajayi, O. O., & Abegunde, O. L. ngbogun_kosoko_et_al_6208.pdf(2015). Assessing and Predicting Changes in the Status of Gambari Forest Reserve, Nigeria Using Ayanlade, A. (2016). 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Abutu, Interviewer) Lagos: Daily documents/Akindele2.pdf Trust Newspaper . Retrieved January 13, 2018, from https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/index.php/eAkingbogun, A. A., Kosoko, O. S., & Aborisade, D. (2012). nvironment/2577-nigeria-s-forest-reserve-has-Remote Sensing and GIS Application for Forest dwindled-significantlyReserve Degradation Prediction and Monitoring. First FIG Young Surveyors Conference, (pp. 1-27). Dudovskiy, J. (2015 ). Stratified Sampling . Retrieved from Rome, Italy. Retrieved 08 23, 2019, from Research Methodolgy: ht tps://research- Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 66 methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data- Ogundele, A. T., & Micheal, O. (2016). Deforestation in collection/stratified-sampling/ Nigeria: The Need for Urgent Mitigating Measures. International Journal of Geography and Faleyimu, O. I., & Agbeja, B. (2012). Constraints to Forest Environmental Management, 2(1): 15-26.Policy Implementation in the Southwest Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Cure. Resources and Omogbai, B. E (2010). Rain Days and Their Predictability Environment, 2(2) : 37-44. doi :10.5923/ in South-western Region of Nigeria. Hum Ecol, j.re.20120202.06 31(3):185-195. Faleyimu, O. I., Agbeja, B. O., & Akinyemi, O. (2013). Omolere, O., Alaga, A., Mohammed, S., & Gajere, E. State of forest regeneration in Southwest Nigeria. (2016). Detecting Forest Degradation in Old Oyo African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3381- National Park in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and 3383. GIS. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 5(2):051-059. FAO. (2007). Forest resources assessment. Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.15580/ Retrieved from Food and Agriculture Organisation. GJEMPS.2016.2.011416007 Fasona, M., Adeonipekun, P. A., Agboola, O., Akintuyi, Orimaye, J., Ogunjemite, B., Ojo, V., Goni, I., & Olayanju, A., & Bello, A. (2018). Drivers of Deforestation and O. (2018). Land Use and Land Cover Change in Land-Use Change in Southwest Nigeria. Springer, 1- Idanre Forest Reserve, Nigeria: Implications on 24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025- Primate Population. Nigerian Journal of Wildlife 9_139-1 Management, 2(2) :1-12. Retr ieved from Fasona, M., Akintunyi, A., Udofia, S., Akoso, T., Ariori, https://www.academia.edu/38638638/Nigerian_J A., Adeonipekun, P., . . . Soneye, A. (2018). ournal_of_Wildlife_Management_Land_use_and_ Deforestation and Land-cover Changes in the Forest Land_cover_Change_in_Idanre_Forest_Reserve_N Reserves of Southwest Nigeria. Lagos Journal of igeria_Implications_on_Primate_Population Geo-Information Sciences, 5: 67-87. Orimoogunje, O. O., Ekanade, O., & Adesina, F. A. (2009, Fleshman, M. (2008). Saving Africa's forests, the 'lungs of November). Land use changes and forest reserve the world'. Africa Renewal. Retrieved from Africa management in a changing environment: South- Re n e wa l O n l i n e : h t t p : / / w w w. u n . o r g / western Nigeria experience. Journal of Geography africarenewal/magazine/january-2008/saving- and Regional Planning, 2(11):283-290. Retrieved africa-forests-lungs-world from http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP Forest Council Stewardship (2017, June 21). Greening ISSN 2070-1845. © 2009 Academic Journals Consumption & Production. Un Development Swanborough, J. (2016, 11 17). We need to save Africa's Program. Forest Stewardship Council. forests. Here's how. Retrieved 08 19, 2019, from Mansourian, S., Belokurov, A., & Stephenson, P. (2009). World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum. The role of forest protected areas in adaptation to org/agenda/2016/11/deforestation-africa-palm- climate change. Food and Agriculture Organization oil/ of the United Nations., Forestry Department, FAO. Pearce, F. (2018, October 9). Conflicting Data: How Fast is Retrieved 11 08, 2017, from Available on the World Losing its Forests? Retrieved from Yale http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0670e/i0670e13 Environment 360: https://e360.yale.edu/ .htm features/conflicting-data-how-fast-is-the-world- Oduntan, O., Soaga, J., Akinyemi, A., & Ojo, S. (2013, losing-its-forests June). Human activities, pressure and its threat on World Wild Life (2017). Forest Hbaitat: Overview. forest reserves in Yewa division of Ogun State, Retrieved from World Wild Life: Nigeria. E3 Journal of Environmental Research and https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/forest- Management, 4(5):0260-0267. Retrieved 08 23, 2019 habitat. from http://www.e3journals.org Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 67 O su n S tate S N P ro x im a te L a n d C h an ge F acto rs + ve -ve b o th N o resp o n se T O T A L No impact Very low impact Low impact Moderate impact High impact Extreme impact No response T o tal 1 C ro p C u ltiva tio n 7 4 .1 6 .5 1 2 .9 6 .5 1 0 0 .0 7 7 1 6 4 5 1 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 A n im a l G ra zin g 6 .5 5 8 .1 2 9 .0 6 .5 1 0 0 .1 0 1 3 2 6 2 9 2 3 3 7 1 0 0 3 R u ra l a g ricu ltu ra l m ig ratio n 2 9 .0 2 2 .6 2 9 .0 1 9 .4 1 0 0 .0 3 1 3 1 6 3 6 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 4 M in in g 2 2 .6 1 6 .1 4 1 .9 1 9 .4 1 0 0 .0 7 2 6 7 2 9 1 6 7 1 0 1 0 0 5 T ra n sp o rta tio n 4 5 .2 6 .5 3 5 .5 1 2 .5 9 9 .7 0 7 1 9 3 2 2 6 1 0 7 1 0 0 6 M a rk et In fra stru ctu re 8 7 .1 3 .2 6 .5 3 .2 1 0 0 .0 0 1 9 1 9 2 9 1 3 1 6 3 1 0 0 7 In d u stria liza tio n 6 4 .5 6 .5 2 5 .8 3 .2 1 0 0 .0 0 1 3 1 6 2 6 2 9 1 3 3 1 0 0 8 D a m s a n d la rge w a ter im p o u n d m en ts 6 7 .7 9 .7 1 2 .9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 2 9 1 3 1 0 2 3 1 3 7 7 1 0 0 9 L u m b erin g / co m m ercial lo g g in g 5 1 .6 9 .7 2 9 .0 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 3 0 2 3 2 3 3 6 1 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 P o le w o o d ex tra ctio n 3 8 .7 1 9 .4 3 2 .3 9 .7 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 6 3 6 2 3 1 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 F u el/ F irew o o d ex tractio n 4 8 .4 2 5 .8 1 9 .4 6 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 9 2 6 2 6 1 3 7 1 0 0 1 2 C h a rco a l p ro d u ctio n 4 1 .9 2 9 .0 2 2 .6 6 .7 1 0 0 .2 3 1 0 1 9 2 6 2 3 1 3 7 1 0 0 1 3 o p en in g / clo sin g o f fo rest 5 4 .8 9 .7 2 5 .8 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 9 1 9 1 0 1 9 1 9 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 A ffo resta tio n effo rts 7 4 .2 3 .2 9 .7 1 2 .9 1 0 0 .0 2 9 2 3 1 6 1 3 3 1 0 7 1 0 0 1 5 R efo resta tio n effo rts 7 1 .0 9 .7 6 .5 1 2 .9 1 0 0 .1 2 9 1 3 2 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 1 6 U rb a n g ro w th 6 7 .7 1 9 .4 3 .2 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 7 1 3 1 9 3 2 1 6 7 7 1 0 0 1 7 P riva te co n stru ctio n s 6 7 .7 1 6 .1 3 .2 1 2 .9 9 9 .9 7 1 9 3 2 1 6 1 6 3 7 1 0 0 1 8 T erra in 3 2 .3 3 5 .5 1 2 .9 1 9 .4 1 0 0 .1 1 3 1 6 2 3 2 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 0 0 1 9 F ires 1 6 .1 5 4 .8 1 9 .4 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 7 1 0 2 6 3 2 1 0 7 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 D ro u g h t 1 9 .4 5 1 .6 1 6 .1 1 2 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 3 2 6 1 9 1 6 7 1 3 7 1 0 0 2 1 F lo o d 9 .7 6 1 .3 2 2 .6 6 .7 1 0 0 .3 3 2 3 2 6 2 6 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 2 R a in fa ll 1 9 .4 4 5 .2 2 2 .6 1 2 .9 1 0 0 .1 0 2 3 2 6 2 6 1 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 3 T em p era tu re 1 6 .1 3 8 .7 3 5 .5 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 7 1 3 1 6 2 9 1 6 1 6 3 1 0 0 A p p en d ix 1 : P ro x im ate F acto rs D rivin g C h an ge in S p atial E x ten t o f F o rest R eserves an d P ro tected A reas in S o u th W estern N igeria APPENDIX Osun Geographical Review Journal of the Department of Geography, Osun State University, State of Osun, Nigeria 68 Ogun State Oyo State S N P ro x im a te L a n d C h a n ge F a cto rs I II III IV T o tal No response No impact Very low impact Low impact Moderate impact High impact Extreme impact Total I II III IV No response No impact Very low impact Low impact Moderate impact High impact Extreme impact T o tal 1 C ro p C u ltiva tio n 1 3 3 4 2 8 2 5 1 0 0 1 9 6 1 3 2 5 6 3 1 1 0 0 1 7 6 1 6 1 7 1 0 0 6 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 7 1 0 0 2 A n im a l G ra zin g 1 6 1 3 5 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 3 8 9 1 3 2 5 1 6 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 5 0 1 7 1 0 0 1 1 0 6 1 1 3 9 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 3 R u ra l a g ricu ltu ra l m ig ra tio n 2 8 3 4 2 2 1 6 1 0 0 1 3 2 5 3 1 6 1 6 6 2 2 1 0 0 5 0 2 2 2 2 6 1 0 0 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 2 2 5 1 0 0 4 M in in g 2 5 2 5 1 9 3 1 1 0 0 1 9 4 1 9 6 1 9 6 0 1 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 7 0 1 1 0 3 3 2 8 1 1 1 0 0 5 T ra n sp o rta tio n 1 9 3 4 9 3 8 1 0 0 6 1 9 1 3 9 2 2 1 6 1 6 1 0 0 2 8 2 8 1 7 2 8 1 0 0 1 1 6 1 7 2 2 2 8 1 1 6 1 0 0 6 M a rk et In fra stru ctu re 3 4 4 4 6 1 6 1 0 0 1 9 1 6 6 1 9 6 2 2 1 3 1 0 0 1 7 3 3 1 7 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 6 1 7 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 7 In d u stria liza tio n 1 3 2 8 1 6 4 4 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 9 6 3 1 6 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 4 4 1 7 28 1 0 0 1 1 6 0 6 5 6 0 2 2 1 0 1 8 D a m s a n d la rge w a ter im p o u n d m en ts 3 4 3 4 6 2 5 1 0 0 1 9 3 4 6 6 3 1 6 1 6 1 0 0 1 7 3 9 1 1 33 1 0 0 1 1 1 7 6 6 2 8 1 7 1 7 1 0 0 9 L u m b erin g / co m m ercia l lo g g in g 1 6 2 5 4 1 1 9 1 0 0 9 6 0 6 9 2 8 4 1 1 0 0 1 7 3 3 6 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 8 1 1 3 3 6 1 0 0 1 0 P o le w o o d ex tra ctio n 2 2 3 8 2 2 1 9 1 0 0 1 6 2 2 6 6 9 1 9 2 2 1 0 0 1 7 4 4 6 3 3 10 0 1 1 0 17 2 2 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 F u el/ F irew o o d ex tra ctio n 1 3 3 4 4 7 6 1 0 0 3 1 3 9 9 9 2 8 2 8 1 0 0 1 7 4 4 2 2 1 7 1 0 0 6 6 0 1 1 1 7 6 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 C h a rco a l p ro d u ctio n 1 9 2 5 5 3 3 1 0 0 3 9 6 1 6 2 2 1 9 2 5 1 0 0 6 5 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 6 6 0 2 8 2 2 3 3 6 1 0 0 1 3 o p en in g / clo sin g o f fo rest 2 2 2 8 2 5 2 5 1 0 0 1 3 2 5 6 6 6 9 3 4 1 0 0 1 7 5 0 1 1 2 2 10 0 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 2 8 6 1 0 0 1 4 A ffo resta tio n effo rts 2 2 6 6 6 6 1 0 0 1 3 2 2 1 6 6 0 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 7 6 7 6 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 7 0 1 7 2 2 1 7 1 7 1 0 0 1 5 R efo resta tio n effo rts 1 9 6 9 3 9 1 0 0 9 2 2 3 6 9 1 6 3 4 1 0 0 2 2 6 7 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 2 8 1 1 6 1 0 0 1 6 U rb a n g ro w th 1 6 4 7 2 2 1 6 1 0 0 6 6 3 1 3 9 1 6 4 7 1 0 0 1 7 3 9 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 7 1 1 2 8 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 P riva te co n stru ctio n s 2 8 4 1 1 6 1 6 1 0 0 1 6 1 6 6 1 3 2 5 3 2 2 1 0 0 1 7 3 9 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 6 0 1 1 3 9 2 2 1 7 6 1 0 0 1 8 T erra in 4 4 2 5 1 6 1 6 1 0 0 3 1 2 2 6 1 3 1 6 9 3 1 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 6 6 2 2 1 7 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 9 F ires 3 4 9 5 3 3 1 0 0 2 8 2 5 1 3 3 1 6 3 1 3 1 0 0 1 7 3 3 2 8 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 3 9 1 7 1 7 1 0 0 2 0 D ro u g h t 3 8 9 4 7 6 1 0 0 2 2 2 8 9 3 1 3 9 1 6 1 0 0 2 2 1 7 5 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 6 0 1 1 3 9 2 2 6 1 0 0 2 1 F lo o d 2 5 1 6 5 0 9 1 0 0 1 6 3 4 3 1 6 1 3 6 1 3 1 0 0 2 8 2 8 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 6 0 6 2 2 3 9 6 1 0 0 2 2 R a in fa ll 1 6 4 1 2 5 1 9 1 0 0 6 2 8 3 1 3 6 2 8 1 6 1 0 0 6 3 9 1 7 3 9 1 0 0 6 6 0 1 1 3 3 2 8 1 7 1 0 0 2 3 T em p era tu re 1 6 4 1 1 9 2 5 1 0 0 9 2 8 1 3 0 6 1 6 2 8 1 0 0 6 2 8 2 2 4 4 1 0 0 0 6 6 2 8 2 8 1 7 1 7 1 0 0 A p p en d ix 2 : P ro x im ate F acto rs D rivin g C h an ge in S p atial E x ten t o f F o rest R eserves an d P ro tected A reas in S o u th W estern N igeria W here: I = N o R espon se; II= P ositive; III = N egative; IV = B oth Fasona, et al. Status and Drivers of Spatial Change of Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Selected States of Southwest Nigeria: A Case Study of Ogun, Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria 69 Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Page 109 Page 110 Page 111 Page 112 Page 113 Page 114 Page 115 Page 116 Page 117 Page 118