COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA: TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE COLLAPSE AT ADENUBI CLOSE, IKEJA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA ------------NBRRIREPORTNo.23,ZOl1 NBRRI REPORT No. 23 COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA: TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE COLLAPSE AT ADfNUBI CLOSE, IKEJA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA I•.aR'RII NIGERIAN BUILDING AND ROAD RESEARCHINSTITUTE .~ (FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) --------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 NBRRI REPORT No. 23 COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA: - TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE COLLAPSE AT ADENUBI CLOSE, IKEJA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA PROJECT TEAM FALADE F. A., IHEONU E.E., DEDE 5., 5ULYMON N. A., EGEGEC. C. AND MOZEA M. N. DIRECTOR-GENERAL: PROFESSOR DANLADI SLIM MATAWAL NIGERIAN BUILDING AND ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) (Building Capacity and Setting the Pace in indigenous Construction Technology Development) Administrative Headquarters: NBRRI,3 Gabes Street, Zone 2, Wuse,Abuja, Nigeria . National Laboratory Complex: NBRRI, Km 10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Website: www.nbrri.gov.ng Phone:+2348039245620, +234802381788 INJRRII OCTOBER,2011 II ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-NBRRIREPORTNo.23. 2011 PROJECT TEAM FALADE F. A., IHEONU E.E., DEDE 5., SULYMON N. A., EGEGE C. C. AND MOZEA M. N. Falade, EA., Chairman of the Investigation Team, isa Professor of Civil Engineering atthe University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria Y iheonu, E.E., is the Head of Building Research Department of the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI) Y DeDe, Soibi., was the Director of Road Research Department of NBRRI Y Sulymon, N.A., is a Senior Research Officer in the Building Research Department ofNBRRI Mozea, M.N., is an Assistant Chief Technical in the Building Research Department ofNBRRI Egege C. c., is a Research Officer in the Building Research Department of NBRRI October 2011 III --------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 FOREWORD Building failure is an unacceptable difference between expected and observed performance of a structure. A failure can be taken as occurring in a component when that system can no longer fulfil its original and principal functions. For example, a building structure that is deficient in satisfying any ofthe designed performance provisions can be said to have failed. Where the building structure can no longer provide shelter as originally designed, it is said to have failed. In Nigeria, building failures occur so frequently today and this situation calls for urgent intervention from all stakeholders. Building failures have been attributed to faulty design, fault on construction site, foundation soil, product failure, faulty execution of work and use of inappropriate materials. Other causes of Building failures may include but not limited to environmental changes; natural and man-made hazards. It is often said that a building cannot stand on a "weak" foundation. It is important to realize that no matter how well the structural engineering may be, the propensity for the soil underneath it to move must also be evaluated and addressed to stand the test oftime. Ideally, a built foundation should not move once put in place. In Nigeria, efforts at curbing this menace appear to be uncoordinated, haphazard and sporadic. Initial interest and concern generated at the collapse of any building is hardly sustained, especially from professional bodies. It is in the light of the above that the Institute by her mandate, has considered it necessary to look into the issue of building collapse in Nigeria and come up with possible remedies that could assist in reducing to the bearest minimum the incessant collapse of buildings in Nigeria. One of the building collapse investigations carried out by NBRRI is presented in this report. This report contains the investigation of the causes of the collapse of a 5-storey building (under construction) at 9B Adenubi Close, Ikeja, Lagos State. It is expected that all Stakeholders will find the Report valuable and useful and assist in proffering solutions to the incessant occurrences of building collapse in Nigeria, particularly those under construction. D. S. Matawal, DIC, PhD. C.Eng., FNSE, RE(Coren) Professor of Civil Engineering; Director General/Chief Executive Officer October, 2011 IV -------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23.2011 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Preface 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Terms of Reference(TOR) 3.0 Project Site 4.0 Meetings 5.0 Investigation 5.1 Interview 2 2 2 25.2 Visual Observation On The Collapsed Building 5.3 Project Drawings 4 6.0 Field VVork 4 6.1 Concrete 4 6.2 Reinforcement 4 46.3 Foundation 7.0 Non-Destructive Test 4 8.0 Tensile Test 9.3 Reinforcement 6 6 6 7 7 8 9.0 Findings 9.1 Construction Period 9.2 Behaviour Of The Structure 9.4 Concrete 10.0 Stakeholders Participation 11.0 Conclusions 12.0 Rccornmcndauons 1"" /'. .J • .J ,\ckw)\\ ledgmc..t .) tjibliography i , ,. / .' p,.Jcndix - J Appendix -2 16 v -------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 1.0 INTRODUCTION Incidences of collapsed buildings in Nigeria are becoming alarming as there are reported cases across the country almost on consistent basis. The spate of building collapses is of great concern to every Nigerian especially all Stakeholders in the built environment. This is due to the national embarrassment especially to the construction industry. the attendant loss oflives and properties, the huge negative socio-economic impact to Nigeria's infrastructural development, etc. As part of its statutory function and mandate, the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI) undertook the investigation of a collapsed building which is reported herein. The collapsed building at No.9B Adenubi Close, Ikeja occurred on Sunday l3th March, 2011. The DG/CEO ofNBRRI quickly responded to the challenge by constituting an investigative team to visit the site, identify the causes ofthe collapse and suggest remedial measures to prevent future occurrence. The Committee was set up via a letter reference No. BRRI/T/205/I1173 of 18th March, 2011 (Appendix 1) with the following members: 1. Prof. (Engr.) F.A.Falade Chairman 2. *Dr. G. A. Alade Member ..., Dr. Soibi De De MemberJ. 4. Mr. Ernest E. lheonu Member 5. Engr. N.A. Sulymon Member 6. Mrs. M. N. Mozea Member/Secretary *Dr Aladc could not accept the offer because of ill health. Dr. E.E. Ikponmwosa was appointed to replace him (BRRl/205/l73 of is" June,2011). 2.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE The Terms of Reference (TOR) ofthe Committee are: I. To visit the Site of the collapsed Building at Ikeja, behind St. Leo's Catholic Church in Lagos; To ascertain through interviews, visual inspection and Laboratory tests, the remote and immediate causes of the collapse; To inspect documentations including drawings (if available) of the collapsed building; To interact and interview Municipal Regulatory Authorities with respect to the collapsed building; To submit a technical report to NBRRI for appropriate records, cases history documentation, and further actions. 2. 4. 5. 3.0 PROJECT SITE The site of the collapsed building is located at 9B, Adenubi Close, off Toyin Street, behind St. Leo's Catholic Church, lkeja, Lagos 1 ------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 4.0 MEETINGS, The inaugural meeting of the Committee was held on 24thMarch, 2011 at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos. The modus operandi for the execution of the project was defined and responsibilities assigned with a view to fast-tracking the investigation process. The Committee was initially expected to submit her report on 15thApril, 2011 but several distractions inhibited the smooth operation of the Committee, mainly due to the refusal of the Lagos State Physical Planning and Development Authority (LASPPDA) to permit the team "ACCESS" to the site. The team then reported the situation to the DG/CEO ofNBRRI and requested him to "intervene". The DG/CEO ofNBRRI wrote an intervention letter (BRRII205N 0 L 1/18 dated 12thApril, 2011) to the Executive Governor of Lagos State. Copies of the letter were sent to the Honourable Commissioner, Ministry of Physical and Urban Development and Chairman, Ikeja Local Government Area (Appendix 2). The DG/CEO's letter indicated that the focus of the investigation was entirely peaceful and in the overall interest of the nation. The letter was delivered to the Governor's office accordingly. By Thursday 12thMay, 2011, the Executive Governor of Lagos State had made his comments on the letter and minuted it to the General Manager (LASPPDA) through the Honourable Commissioner and the Permanent Secretary. On the strength of the follow-up action by the team, the )fficials ofLASPPDA finally led the team to the collapsed building site on Thursday 2nd June, 2011. 5.0 INVESTIGATION With the "ACCESS" rights secured and verbal permission granted, the team visited the site of the collapsed building on 6th June, 2011. The highlights of the activities and observations are presented below "" 5.1 Interview Members of the Committee interviewed two persons (security man and a labourer) that were found on the site. Information was sought on the administration of the project, the identities of parties that were involved and their observed possible lapses in the construction process. 5.2 Visual Observation at the Collapsed Building Site The rubbles from the collapsed building have been partly packed before the members visited the site, so there was limited things left in position as the remains of the building. (Plates 1and 2) 2 --------------------------------NBRRIREPORTNo.23,2011 Plate 1: The Remains of the Collapsed Building Observations on the rubbles showed discoloration of concrete and improperly bonded concrete components as a result of poor concrete mixes. All the reinforcements in the observed beams and columns were 16mm bars while the ones in the slab were lOmm and 12mm diameter bars. 4Y16 were seen inside all the visible columns. The reinforcing bars which were supposed to be located at the bottom of the slab with 25mm cover were positioned at the middle of the slab. Plate 2: The Remains of the Collapsed Building 3 --~---------------------~-------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 5.3 Project Drawings The members of the Comtnittee\lisited the Local Government.Council and made request for the project working drawings (Architectural, Structural, Electrical and Mechanical) on 9th June, 2011; but were . verbalfy informed that the collapsed building site was not under their jurisdiction and supervision and therefore-the drawings were notavailable. Throughout.the period of the investigation, the team did not , have access to the project drawings. 6.0 FIELD WORK 6.1 Conerete Non-destructive tests on concrete .u~ingultrasonic devi~e were carried out. The tests became necessary because; it was difficultto obtain appropriate test samplesfrom the rubbles. However, it was possible to c~nduct i'rY~~rtut~~~ ~nthe stn!c1U;al elernemscf the collapsed building. ~ -,"'". ~,.. .'.- 6.2 Reinforcements Tensile strength-tests were conducted on the samples of the reinforcements obtained from the collapsed . . . bUIlding. 600KN Universal Tensile Testing Machine was used for the test. The tests were carried out at the Stni~tures Laboratory, Department of Civil ~nd Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos. 6.3 F~u~a~n .. ' Nd investigation, could be '~onducted on the foundation because the entire sub-structure had been uprooted. Thetype offol~nd~tion that was designed for the structure could not be ascertained but visual . observation showed that the structure was formed on a shallow foundation. 7.0 NON-QESTRU<:J~YE l'ES~rS~"~ The standard' method ~f evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or any structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths. The main disadvantages of such method are the delay in obtaining results and the fact that the test specimens may not be truly representative of the concrete used in the structures. Factors affecting the strengths of concrete are so many that it is almost impossible to get samples identical in quality with the entire mass of concrete. There is no strength test which provides the requisite information on concrete in-situ without damaging the concrete. These and other .drawbacks of destructive test methods made the use of non-destructive methods of testing imperative for tfiis investigation. Non-destructive testsare quick and can be performed both in the laboratory and in situ with convenience. Although there ean be no'9i~ct measurem~nt of the strength properties of structural concrete for the ". simple reason thai strength determination involves destructive tests, several non-destructive methods of assessment have been developed. These methods depend on the fact that certain physical properties of 4 --------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 concrete can be related to strength and can be measured by non-destructive methods. Such properties include hardness, resistance to penetration by projectiles, rebound capacity and ability to transmit ultrasonic pulses and X- and y-rays. These non-destructive test methods may be categorized as; (a) Penetration Test: The windsor probe is generally considered to be the best means of testing penetration. It consists of powder actuated gun or driver, hardened alloy probes, loaded cartridges. a depth guage for measuring penetration of probes and other related equipment. A probe of diameter 6.5mm and length 80mm. is driven into the concrete by means of a precison powder charge. Depth of penetration provides an indication of the compressive strength of the concrete. (b) Schmidt Hammer Test: The rebound hammer is a surface hardness tester for which an empirical correlation has been established between strength and rebound number. The only known instrument that makes use of the rebound principle for concrete testing is the Schmidt Hammer which weighs 1.8kg. The Hammer is forced against the surface of the concrete by the spring and the distance of rebound is measured on a scale. (c) Concrete Core Test: Concrete cores are drilled from the structures and tested in Compression Testing Machine. The average equivalent cube strength of the cores is equal to at least 85% of the cube strength of the concrete specified for the corresponding age. (d) Pull out Test: The pull out test is more authentic than the concrete core test. Aspecial shaped steel rod is embedded in concrete in the form work. After the concrete hardens the rod is pulled out and in so doing it comes out with a block of concrete. The pull out force determined by a hollow tension ram is related to the compressive strength of concrete. (e) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test: The ultrasonic pulse velocity test method is an ideal tool for establishing whether concrete is uniform. It can be used on both existing structures and those under construction. The velocity of the ultrasonic pulses that pass through the concrete section from a transmitter to a receiver is measured. The pulse velocity is correlated against strength. High pulse velocity readings are generally indicative of good quality concrete. If large differences in pulse velocity are found within a structure, there is strong reason to presume that defective or deteriorated concrete is present. The investigation was carried out using the ultrasonic device. (Pictures 1 and 2). The compressive strengths of the tested Columns, Beams and Slabs as determined from the tests are presented in Tables IA. 1Band 1C. 5 --------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 TABLEl(A): Tested Columns STRUCUTRAL ELEMENT AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE REMARK STRENGTH (N/mm2 ) COLUMN 1 12.3 POOR .COLUMN 2 8.9 POOR COLUMN 3 8.7 POOR COLUMN 4 7.1 POOR AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = 9.3 N/mm2 TABLE l(B): - Tested Beams STRUCUTRAL ELEMENT AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE REMARK STRENGTH (N/mm2 ) BEAM 1 8.3 POOR BEAM 2 7.3 GOOD BEAM 3 15.7 POOR BEAM 4 8.1 POOR AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = 9.9 N/mm2 TABLE1(C): - Tested Slabs STRUCUTRAL ELEMENT AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE REMARK STRENGTH (N/mm2 ) SLAB 1 7.6 POOR SLAB 2 8.5 POOR SLAB 3 13.0 POOR SLAB 4 19.7 GOOD SLAB 5 7.1 POOR AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = 11.2 N/mm2 8.0 TENSILE TEST This is the maximum load sustained by the test-piece. when the latter is tested to destruction. The tensile strengths values obtained for the reinforcing bars are presented in Table 2. 9.0 FINDINGS From the interviews conducted at the site and analysis of tests carried out on the construction materials obtained from the rubbles on site, the following findings were made: 9.1 Construction Period Information supplied by those interviewed at the project site indicated that the construction of the 6 ------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 building started by the middle of January, 2011; and by the middle of March, 2011 the building was already on the 5th floor. Considering stage-by-stage construction process of building projects and the need to allow one floor to cure for minimum of 21days before moving to the next level, it was obvious that adequate time was not given for the concrete to harden properly before loading. 9.2 Behaviour ofthe structure The labourer interviewed at the site informed the members of the Team that before the collapse of the building, the ground floor to first floor columns "opened up". By his description, the columns actually "buckled". This may be due to the small size of the columns compared with the imposed load on the structure. 9.3 Reinforcements The reinforcing bar (Y 12 and Y 16) used for the project was of good quality having tensile strengths of 630.94 NI mm (Table 2) as opposed to 41ONI mrn' usually considered during the design of reinforced concrete structures. The tensile strengths of the reinforcing bars are adequate. However, the 16mm diameter bars (4No.) are inadequate to carry the loads on any columns ofa 5-storey building at a lower level. TABLE 2: Tensile Strengths Values Of Reinforcing Bars BAR YIELD ULTIMATE ELONGATION Size K Load Stress Load Stress (mm) (Tanf) (N/mm2 ) (Tanf) (N/mm2 ) (%) Y12 88.10 4.0 352.40 5.8 510.98 20.0 Y12 88.10 4.0 352.40 5.8 510.98 19.0 Y12 88.10 4.1 361.21 6.2 546.22 21.0 AVRG 88.10 4.03 355.34 5.93 522.73 20.00 XX XX XX XX XX XX XXr------. -.~-. Y12 88.10 4.0 352.40 6.0 528.60 25.0 Y12 88.10 5.1 449.31 7.7 678.37 . 16.0 Y12 88.10 4.1 361.21 6.1 537.41 22.5 AVRG 88.10 4.40 387.64 6.60 581.46 21.17 1--. I XX XX XX XX XX XX XX Y16 49.55 7.8 386.49 11.5 569.83 17.5 Y16 49.55 7.6 376.58 11.0 545.05 16.5 Y16 49.55 7.7 381.54 11.4 564.87 17.5 AVRG 49.55 7.70 381.54 11.30 559.92 17.17 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX --~. i Y16 49.55 8.6 426.13 I 13.2 654.06 15.0 1- Y16 49.55 r 7.9 391.45 12.6 624.33 20.0 Y16 I 49.55 8.5 421.18 12.4 614.42 15.0 Y16 I 49.55 8.33 412.92 12.73 630.94 16.67 XX I XX XX I XX XX XX XX 7 --------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 9.4 Concrete The results of the ultrasonic in-situ tests on the concrete showed that the average compressive strengths of the concretes used are 9.2N/mm2 for columns, 9.85N/mm2 for beams and 11.18N/ mm ' for slab (Tables 1A, 1B and IC): While it is acknowledged that the Committee did not have access to the structural design calculations and structural drawings, it is noted that for a structure of this nature (q 5-storey building), the minimum concrete strength for any of the structural elements should not be less than 25.0 N/ mrn'. Visual assessment of the concrete also attests to its poor quality. The brownish nature of the rubbles as well as the loose nature of the rubbles is a pointer to poor quality concrete. 10.0 STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION The Stakeholders in a building project of this nature are: (i) Client (ii) Architect (iii) Structural Engineer (iv) Electrical Engineer (v) Mechanical Engineer (vi) Quantity Surveyor (vii) Project Manager (viii) Contractor In order for the Committee to obtain information on the above listed individuals, members of the Committee visited relevant organizations, namely: (i) Local Government Council, (LGA) Ikeja (ii) Lagos State Physical Planning and Development Authority (LASPPDA), lkeja Though the DG/CEO ofNBRRI wrote to the Chairman of the Ikeja Local Government, the Committee was not allowed to see him. The letter that was submitted in his office was misplaced and members were requested to resubmit another copy. The photocopy of the original letter Was then re-submitted. In spite ofthis, the team was not allowed to see the Chairman. The team met the engineer at the Local Government Council, who ordinarily should be in the custody of the structural drawings if not the entire set of the project drawings; but the Engineer informed the team that the project was not under the jurisdiction of the Local Government. The submission of the Engineer appears to be unfounded because when a project is on-going in any Local Government area, the Local Government is supposed to raise a monitoring team that ensures compliance of the construction activities with stipulated regulations; and to ensure that Form C is completed at every critical stage of the construction process. At the Lagos State Physical, Planning and Development Authority, the members of the Committee eventually met with the General Manager who directed the team to her Subordinate. The Subordinate told the team. that "they" got the information that the building had collapsed. He was not ready to 8 ----------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 entertain further questions and he was not prepared to disclose any information about the identity of the parties that were involved in the project. The NBRRl Investigative team was told that the Authority had raised a Committee to investigate the collapse of the building and that NBRRI Team would be contacted iftheir assistance was needed. In all the efforts made, the identity of the Stakeholders was not disclosed to the members of the investigative team. 11.0 CONCLUSIONS From the foregoing, the following conclusions are made: (i) The concrete used for the construction work was ofa poor quality. (ii) Regulations on construction process of allowing adequate curing period (21 days) before loading the next floor was not followed. Otherwise there was no way for a construction that commenced by middle of January, 2011 could have reached 5th floor by middle of March, 2011. (iii) The deliberate non-disclosure of information concerning the project and identities of its stakeholders by the relevant officials at the Local Government Council and the Lagos State Physical Planning and Development Authority was rather unfortunate and absolutely negated the good intention ofNBRRI to investigate the collapse with a view to unravelling the immediate and remote causes of the collapse in order to prevent future occurrence. 12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS This investigation, to a large extent, could not be brought to its logical conclusion because of non- availability of project drawings and lack of information on the administration of the project. The Committee hereby recommends that: (i) Lagos State Physical and Development Authority (LASPDA) should be encouraged to co-operate with government agencies on mission to evolve recommendations that will complement their scheduled duties and activities. In this respect, LASPDA should be encouraged to provide the project drawings and information on the identities of the Stakeholders in order to obtain evidences that will improve housing delivery and construction processes. The LASPDA should be assured that the mission of NBRRI investigation was not to apportion blame or sanction any professional. (ii) It is also important to know the owners, the officials of the Local Government or Lagos State Physical and Development Authority that are in charge of the project; in order to ascertain if Form C was administered appropriately as demanded by regulations. 13.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The members of the Committee thank the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI) for the opportunity given to them to serve the nation in this capacity. 9 --------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2. 1. Adeniyi,1. O. (1998). Development Control in Akure, Seminar Paper, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. Federal University of Technology, pp 24-27. Ajayi, L. A. (1988). Concern for Collapse of Buildings in Nigeria, Journal of the Nigerian Institute of Engineers, Vol. 1.No.2 pp 52. Akeju, T. A. (1984). Lessons from recent structural failures, The Nigerian Engineer Vol. 19 N02. ,.., j. 4. Astill, Wand Martin, L.H. (1975). Elementary Structural Design in Concrete to CPllO, Edward Arnold Ltd., 25 Hill Street, London, WI X 8LL, 1975, pp. 1-14. 5. Bamidele, E. O. (2000). An Assessment of the Collapse Building Structures in Nigeria. (A Case Study of Lagos State), An Unpublished PGD thesis. Federal University of Technology. Akure. 6. British Standard Institution (1985). BS 8100 Structural Use of Concrete, Part 1BSI London. 7. Chinwekwu, G. (1999). Collapse of Building in Lagos. Causes and Remedies, Unpublished M.Sc. thesis submitted to the Department of Building, University of Lagos, Lagos. 8. Daramola, Adedeji and Ayo- Vaughan, Adekunle, (2004). Disaster in Building: The National Building code and Capacity Building in Nigerian Architectural Practice, School of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, Chaina, Daily Viu Agencies, June, 2004, pp. 13-16. 9. Ede, Anthony Nkem, (2010). Building Collapse in Nigeria: The Trend of Casualties in the last decade (2000-2010), International Journal of Civil Engineering - IJCEE - IJEN, Vol. 10, No. 06, Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, December, 2010 10. Ejeh, S.P., (2010). Safety Aspects of Design of Concrete and Steel Structure: Techgrade Consulting, A 3-day workshop on Why Building Collapse and Preventive Measures held at Merit House, Abuja on 14th_16thSeptember, 2010. 11. Fagbenle. Olubosipo, 1. and Oluwunmi Adedarnola, O. (2010). Building Failure and Collapse in Nigeria: The Influence ofthe Informal Sector, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol.3, NO.4 December. 2010. A Publication of Canadian Centre of Science and Education, pp. 269· 277. 12. Guardian (2000c). Engineers streamline standards, propose New Building Regulations, Homes & Property section, Monday April 10, pp 48. 13. Guardian (1999c). Ojuelegba Collapse Buildirig throws up fresh challenges for developers, Homes and Property Section, Monday. October 25, pp 33 & 49. 14. Iyagba, R. and Odunlami, A. A. (1989); Building Failures. Causes and Prevention, NIOB General Annual Conference, Port Harcourt. 15. Kingsley, O. Dimuna. (2010). Incessant incidents of building collapse in Nigeria: A challenge to stakeholders, Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Studies, AmbroseAli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria, Vol. 10, No.4, pp. 75-84. 10 ----------./7'I'-------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23.2011 ""~'" 16. Kolawole, J. O. (1994). The Role of the .Client in the Achievement of Quality in Construction, Paper presented at the 24th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Institute of Building. Bauchi. 17. Kong, E.K. and Evans, R.H. (1975). Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 36 Park Street. London, WIY 3DE, 1975, pp 1-13 .Pudsley, A. (1965); "The Safety of Structures". Edward Arnold (Publisher) Ltd. London. 18. Matawal, D.S. (1987). Stability, Safety and Economic considerations in Structural Designs. Proc.l 5tNSE Workshop/Lectures, Lagos, July 1987, pp50-53 19. Matawal, D.S. (2008). Engineers and the issue of combating incidents of collapsed structures. NSE Golden Jubilee Anniversary Public Lecture held at Gombe, 12.06.08, II pp., 22 slides. 20. McGinley, T. J. and Choo, B.S. (1990). Reinforced Concrete, Great Britain. E and FN Spon. 21. Odigure, 1. O. (2009). Duality of Cement-Based Structures: Mitigating Global Warming and Building Collapse, Inaugural Lecture Series 13, Federal University of Technology, Minna. 22. Odum, G. (1995). Adequate Shelter: A Catalyst to Rural Development, Aarches Journal. Vol. I No.2. 23. Olaiya, I. A. (2002). Construction Practice, In the Journal of Nigerian Institute of Structural Engineer, 2 pp 37 -44. 24. Oribuyaku, 1.T. (2010). Legal Sanctions Against culprits 0/ Collapsed Buildings Under Nigerian Laws, Techgrade Consulting, A 3-day workshop on Why Building collapse and preventive measures held at Merit House, Abuja, on 14th_16thSeptember, 20 IO. 25. Orumu, S.F. (20 I0). Failure Analysis 0/ Collapse Buildings in Nigeria: A Case Study 0/ Port Harcourt, River State, Techgrade Consulting, A 3-day Workshop on "Why Building collapse and Preventive Meas~res" held at Merit House, Abuja on 14th16thSeptember, 2010, pp. 1-9. 26. Reynolds, C. E. and Steedman, 1. C. (1988). Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook; Great Britain. E and FN Spon. 27. Udegbe, M. I. (1997). The Collapse of Buildings in Nigeria: A case study of Lags/lbadan Areas (Phase 1), NBRRI Report No. 20, NBRRI Publication 28. UNCH. (1980). Building Codes and Regulations in Developing Countries, Stockholm; Spangbergs. 29. UNCH. (1985). The Reformation of Building Acts, Regulations and Codes in African Countries, Stockholm; Spangbergs. 30. Windapo, B. (2006). The Threat of Building Collapse on Sustainable Development in the Built Environment in Nigeria,AGM ofNIOB, Jos City 2006. 11 ------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 PICTURE 1: SHOWING TESTED COLUMN OF THE COLLAPSED BUILDING I .. ; PICTURE 2: SHOWING THE TESTED BEAM OF THE COLLAPSED BUILDING 12 -------------------------NBRRIREPORTNo.23.20ll APPENDIX -1 APPOINTMENT LETTER TO PROFESSOR F.A. FALADE 13 ___________ ~~ NBRRI REPORTNo. 23. 2011 f i;" f: r- NIGERIAN BUILDING AND ROA~ RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1: ~ (FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)l . No.3,~Slrtel. 'Ita 200e tPLm 506S\'.\lseGPO.~a TeI(00)·m.74~.523-7467.Fax:{d'!!)5mmr omG Of llE OI:~::{TOU·GFi:Eru\tf CHIEf EXECUTIVEOmCrit 'BRRl12051//173 18/1t Murch 2011 Professor (Engr.) S.A. Falade , 'Head • .CivilEngineering Department : University of Lagos, Akoka '. lagos ~ ~.co. NSTITUT.' ION OF INVESTIGATING COMIVUTfEE ON BUILDING '~COLLAPSEIN NIGERIA " t"Please refer to the above subject matter. tl ' I'ln consideration of the perennial building collapse in the country in recent times k,a.'ld the need to proffer solutions towards averting future occurrences, the Nigerian f ~~Ui1ding?nd Road. Re~c~rch Institute ~B~) ,has considered it neces~ary to :?ok . !JltQ the issues of building collapse ill Nigeria and to come up with possible hlemeclies as this falls within its mandate. [~th the recent report in the dailies of a hotel under construction which COllapsed ~a[ Adenubi Close, Behind St. Leo's Catholic Church, Off Toyin Street, Ikeja, t{Lagos by 3.30pm on Sunday, IJtll1v1arch 2011, the Management of the Institute thas considered it fit to constitute a Committee of experts to investigate the collapse 10Hhe said building at Ikeja, with you as Chairman. " ,f' ~ Other members of the Committee to work with' you are: ..~,., '. (I)Dr, G.A. Alade Department of Building Covenant University Idirok5 Road Canaan Land Ota, Ogun State Member 14 _____________________________ NBRRIREPORTNo.23.2011 ! .'J2)Dr. Soibi DeDe ~ ~ Director .Road,Research Department NBRRlt Ota Member \ (3)Mr. Ernest E. Iheonu Head, . Building Research Department NBRRJ,Ota Member , :'~~' t' (4)Engr. N.A. Sulymon ! ."Building Research Department ':i.... NBRRl. Ota~~"'".~. . ~. . l (5) Mrs. M.N. Mozea I\ii~Building Research Department .1;' NBRRl, Ota.". rferms of Reference (TOR) are as follows: in f~ .~j ~rB\.(l)To visit the Site of the collapsed Building at Ikeja, Behind 81. Leo's Catholic. ~\. Church in Lagos; . Member Member/Secretary ,;~'. i;"(2)To ascertain through interviews. visual inspection and Laboratory tests, the '.i: remote and immediate cause(s) of the collapse; ). '-I. t: :(3)To inspect documentations including drawings (if available) of the collapsed ;ij~J f! building; r (4)To interact and interview Municipal Regulatory Authorities with respect to the collapsed building; \" . . l:~(5)To submit a technical report to NBRRI for appropriate records, case history .. . documentation, and further actions; ~:-.(6)The Committee is expected to submit its report to NBRRI on or before 30th ! ,.r;: April.,2011. ~,;~. - ~ihelogistics and coordination for this work shall be provided by Mr. E.E. lheonu, ~Headof Building Research Department, NBRRI. Ore, . . I~ .,'\ tJ~' ~ 2:.;,; • "t;. 15 ------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23,2011 APPENDIX 2 LETTER OF INTERVENTION TO THE EXECUTIVE GOVERNOR OF LAGOS STATE, HONOURABLE COMMISSIONER, MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND HONOURABLE CHAIRMAN, IKEJA lOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE. 16 _________________________________ NBRRI REPORTNo. 23,2011 ,. -17:n.'":. -1'=.11. .:~~f NIGERIAN BUILDING AND-~ROAtfRESEARCH fNSTITUTE (feDERAl MlNISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) No.3 ..Gal:.esSlee~ Wusa Zo.~2. AA3 5065 Wu~GI'O,AbI4a'-Tt:I(Q9) ·m-jot». 523-7467. ftt(09) smno OFfl~f OF nu D1RE(jO~-GHffRALJ C lIEf roCurlVE Offl<£R HRRJrr120SIVol.l1l81 121b April, 2011 His Excellency Babatunde Raji Fashcla Executive Governor of Lagos Scale. ,Government House, lkeja, Lagos. Nigeria. His Excellency, T£Clu'lICA.L REPORT ON COLLAPSED HOTEL BUILDING AT IKEJA. LAGOS STATE. The mandate of the 'Nigerian Building & Road Research Institute (NBRRl)' is to conduct iruegrared applied R&D in Building and Construction sectors of the economy, The Institute is required to build capacity and set the pace in indigenous construction technology development to improve quality of life of Nigerians in the areas of affordable housing and increased R&D in Building, Roads and Engineering materials sector. In pursuance of its mandate, the Institute, amongst others-decided to focus recently in the area of building collapse in the country; a matter that has become of concern to the Federal, State and Local Governments in Nigeria. Our focus is totally peaceful: To investigate and Research into ever}' Building Collapse in the Country, prepare ,I 'Technical Report' which will be used as a Case-History in Teaching and Research. II is therefore not a probe to victimize, witch-hunt or even apportion blames. Three (3) weeks ago, there W3S collapse of a Hotel Building under construction in Ikeja, Lagos State. Using experts from University of Lagos and our Research Laboratories in Ota, Ogun State (just neighboring lkeja), we set out to conduct the research. However, this has met with limited success because of ACCESS rights. This letter is to request that Your Excellency. kindly' facilitate access to NBRRl researchers to conduct and conclude this very important Task. which will also be initialed m any part of this Country, where a collapse occurs . .vccept cornplimerils, best wishes and the assurances of my esteemed regards. ~--- Danlad] Slim MATAWAL, Ole, PhD. CEng .• FNSE. RE(coren) lProf~ssor of Civil Engineering) Director-Gcneral1Cbief Executive Officer cc: Chairman. Prof, " A. Fnlade (uNILAG) 17 --------------------------------NBRRI REPORTNo.23.2011 NIGERIAN BUILDING AND ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) No.3,~ Slreet.VI\JsJiJ1.tJl'Ie 2,PM8506S\'~GPO.~. Tt:!(09}·S2J.745G, >23-1467.Fax (00.523-8720 • Omct Of m£DIRE('ro~·GENERAll ClUff EXECUTIVE OFflCE2 BRRIlT120SlVo1.lf181 nib April, 2011 Honourable Commissioner, Ministry of Physical Planning & Urban Development, . Lagos Stare, "Nigeria - . Honourable Commissioner', TECHNICAL REPORT 0 I COLL.u'SED HOTEL BVTI.DING AT lKEJA. LAGOS STATE. The mandate of the 'Nigerian Building & Road Research Institute (NBRRl)' is to conduct integrated applied R&D in Building and Construction sectors of the economy. The Instirute is required [Q build capacity and set the pace in indigenous construction technology development to improve quality of life of Nigerians in the areas of affordable housing and increcsed R&D ill Building; Roads and Engineering materials sector,. .•. - In pursuance of its mandate, the institute, amongst others-decided La focus recently in (he area of building collapse in the country; a matter that has become of concern to the Federal, State and Local Governments in Nigeria.,. '. - ~'- .,.. . : Our focus is totally peaceful: To investigate and Research into every Building Collapse in the COW1try, prepare a "Technical Report' which will be used as a Case-History in Teaching and t Research.' It is therefore not a probe to victimize, witch-hunt or even apportion blames, Three (3) weeks ago; there was collapse of a Hotel Building under construction in Ikeja, Lagos State. Using experts from University of Lagos and our Research Laboratories in Ota, Ogun State (Just neighboring Ikeja), we set out to conduct the research, However, this bas met with limited . success because of ACCESS rights. This letter is to request that you kindly facilitate access to ; NBRRI researchers to conduct and conclude this very important Task, which wilt also be . initiated in any part of this Country. where a collapse occurs. , Accept compliments, best wishes and the assurances of my esteemed regards. Danladi Slim MAT A WAL. DIC. PhD. CEng .• FNSE,RE(coren) (Professor of Civil Engineering) ; Director-GeneraVCbjef Executive Officer ee: Chairman, Prof • .f- A. Fnlnde (UNILAG) 18 ----- NBRRI REPORT No. 23, 2011 :1~""v}.ill. NIGERIAN BUILDING AND ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FEDERAL r·JUUSTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) l~ 3, Gzbi:; ~e-el.V.W; biB L FI.\3 SJ65 VA5aGPO.~;a. M(I1.lH2J..740&, 5Z3-7~H.Fu em 523-872'0 Off1{E Of TH£ OI;;fCTOR·GE.W:RAl/ CHtEf EXfCUT!Vf OFFICii.! unnt/r 120SN otl f 1S J The Hou our-ab le Chairman, lkeja Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. Hon ou rable Chairman, TECHNICAL R.£PonT ON COLLAPSED HOTEL BUILDING AT IK£JA, LAGOS STATe. The mandate Qf the 'Nigerian Building & Road Research Institute (NBRJU)' is 10 conduct integrated applied R&D in Building and Construction sectors of the economy. The Institute is required to build capacity and set the pace in indigenous construction technology development to improve quality of life: of Nigerians in (he areas of affordable housing and increased R&D in Building, RUdJ:; and Engineering materials sector. In pursuance of its mandate, the Institute, amongst others-decided to focus recently in the area of building collapse in th~ country; a matter that has become of concern to the Federal, State and Local Govcrruucnts in Nigeria. Our focus rs totally pC3CclUJ: To investigate and Research into every Building Collapse in the Country. prepare a 'Technical Report' which will be used as a Case-History in Teaching and Research. It is therefore nor a probe to victimize. witch-hunt or even apportion blames. Tl rcc (3) weeks ago. there was collapse of a Hotel Building under COnstruction in Ikeja, Lagos Slutc, Using experts from University of Lagos and our Research Laboratories in Ota, Ogun Stare (just neighb iring lkeja), we set out [0 conduct the research. However, this has met with limited success because of ACCESS rights. This letter is to request that you kindly facilitate access to NBRRJ researchers to conduct and conclude this very important Task, which will also be. Initiated in any part of this Country, where a collapse occurs. Accept comolimcms, best wishes and the assurances of my esteemed regards. ~ .;;.-- '5--\-:'.:::; or :..,..~.c ~--~--'Dauludi Slim !\lATA \VAL, DIC, 'PhD, CEng .• FNSE, RE(coren) [Professor of Civil Engineering) Dn-ector-Cen e ral/Chief Executive Officer cc: Chairman, Prof. !F A. f:ll'HJc (UNILAG) 19