UNE CARTOGRAPHIE DYNAMIQUE. Edited By DR. S.). TIMOTHY ASOBELE UNE CARTOGRAPHIE DYNAMIQUE. Edited by: DR. S.). TIMOTHY ASOBELE Copyright@l 99 .. J. 'I moth - sob I . First Published by Printview Publisher' (A Division of Print vi wC onunuui ata( n) 7th Floor Elder Demp tcr 11011. c • 7. M \I ina Lagos P.O.Box 70676 Victoria Island Tel: 01-2664231, Fax: 01 2()()4 11 All right reserved. No part of'this hook 111.1 b r pr duced in any form or by any means, electrum OJ III chuni al, including photocopy, recording or any inIOlIlIH(IOIl (ora' or retrieval system, without permission in WII tI in I fJ 0111 the author and publisher. ISBN 978-041-167-4 Designed & Printed by Prlntvtew Communications. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Late Pa Timothy M. Asobele and his Cousin Late Olorunlagbara and Mr. '4omoh three learned men in the 1950s who gave me what today looks like bourgeois lessons after school hours. And to my late mother Ma Grace Bamidele Timothy-Asobele who from Kadara in Ebute-Metta, Lagos brought witticisms to light in framed Pablo Piccasso paintings to wit: (i) Eja m'ba kan, (ii) Ibiti Leke leke ti gbe foso Eye Aparo Kole mo be (iii) Eda Nlulu Ibaje Oba Oluwa Koni je odun Amin. (iv) Eyi owu awi t'Oluwa lase I say thank you for all you were to me. We are all running after our shadows but here is what you can show for all these years of your toil to give us a sound education. ,"• ..-(i •• "t"9. ;. ~. . .•. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to express my profoundest gratitude to my family, friends and colleagues for their unlimited patience and understanding. Many thanks from the bottom of my heart, to the Di- rector of GRESLET for his unwaivering support and guidance and for all the materials put at our disposal for the successful realization of our research objectives. I would also like to thank most heartily, our friends Marc Cheymol, Madam Jocelyne Duguay, Lyne St-Hylaire, Luc Ber- nard for their immense cooperation. I would also like to thank Mr. Rene Tondj i, Mme Lurdes Garcia from FCS of Lisbon, Miss Caridad Vera Suarez Morelos, of Mexico, Guy Cadet from Port au Prince, Nazam Halaoui, Danielle Collignon, Christine N. Daiye for their assistance. My deepest gratitude to the Vice-Chancellor of the Open Francophone University; Professor Michel Guillou. Permit me to thank very warmly Prof. Adre Clas Professor Emeritus, for his constant encouragement and very warm friendship, who, believing in our goals and aspirations, gave enormous support for a hitch-free take-off of our research projects. We equally wish to thank the entire team of the French language project in Nigeria, who did everything humanly possible for the successful completion of our project: Dr. Simon Okoli, Raphael Molu, R.O.K. Asobele, Abayomi Oluyomi, Mme Comfort Munfunaya, Dr. (Mrs) C. Okpara, Mr. Anthony Njoku, Mr. A. M. Ilupeju, Mrs. Bola Hammond, Mile Marie Uko, Mr. Bassey Antia, Mile Yetunde Osunfisan, Louis Obielo-Okpala, Mr. B. Bolaji Adesola, Yakubu Lasisi and Prof. Painchaud of Sherbrooke. Our warmest thanks and gratitude to all those people who ei- ther typed or read the manuscript and offered useful advice, which finally gave life to these projects. We would like to thank Mr. Hardson Assam an old student of the University of Lagos in Nigeria whom provi- dence brought in to us, that he may give help and encouragement. We are extremely grateful towards the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie, who gave us the scholarship that made this project pos- sible. Our task was made so easy by the generous cooperation of the former tutors and advisers, Madame Larnet, Barret, Kirby, Mr Cornie, GRESLET team. We would like to thank the authorities at Montreal University and most especially Mr. Robert Lacr ix, th Chancellor and Prof. Alain Caille the Vice-Chancellor. They howed so much interest in our work and provided both accommodati n and the necessary tol- erance and indulgence needed to accomm date a visitor. They also put at our disposal all the teaching faciliti . available to this great Uni- versity, a truly great citadel oflearning, th pride of the French speak- ing world. May I also seize this opp rtunity to thank Mr. Aloyse- Raymond N'Daiye, the directeur ofFI U, wh was of great help to us in our moment of need and was favourably di 'posed to giving us funds for the completion of our programme. Our gratitude also goes to R vcr nd Father Pierre Bergeron, Guy Lafond, Bernard Landriault et L ui P inchaud, who committedly assisted us in the course of our work We would forever rememb r Mr. J IIINt kir timana and Ma- dame Amelie Hien who taught u h w t ) liS th c mputer, without their contributions it would hav b n imp s. ible completing the project. We are greatly indebted t Yv s 'I It rill, Ernest Oge, Thierry Ouedraogo and Emmanuel Mont ki. At th r c ption, we also like to mention Genette Voyer and Madam Car line Guay at Edouard Montpetit Student Residential uart I MI. M. K. Essilfie of Accra Ghana, Mr. Roger Fayolle my tut rat th I~NSin Paris and in Sorbonne, Paris III 1975-1979, Mr. Francoi Mi It I, Schneider Fabien, Yanick Chapius, Annaig Noguel our Friend nun III 11 agon, Miss Marie Claire Chouinard, Mrs. Amaryll h n d • M Id irn ri e Desmarais Belhumeur and Nathalie Bell of th I P rtrn nt f Comparative Literature, Mr. Nathan Menard, I III 11 i , Madame Jeanne Dancette, M.C. Cormier, Marie- I udc 1'llomme, Diame Aubut Moussette, Christine Tellier, Rejean-Fr n ( I in -I y, Jean Yves Morin, Mr. William B. Kingsley and M d me 11 I n Bourassa of the Department of English, Mr. Jean I iodin, R inald Hamel, Line Rayrnond of the Department of Fr n h Studi , Madame Gisele Painchaud and Dafrassi Sanou of th Fa ult f Education, Madame Andree Forand Matti, Claudette B rni r th hancellor's office, Mr. Robert Foumier and Alvina Rupetch f '-IrI ton University Ottawa, Prof. David Edney of Saska toon, my f rrner tutor t the University il of Nigeria Nsukka (1971-72) and Mr. Charles Manigat of Patrimoine Canada. Special help also came in multiples from the direction of Mr. Goselin, Kelland, White, Prof. Ekundayo Simpson, Managhan, Dr. Orisakwe, Prof. A. Ohaegbu, Prof. Egonu, Dr. Nwaozuzu of the University of Nigeria Nsukka, Mrs. Renard, Michel Woronoff, Gautier, Mrs. Laval of the University of Dakar in Senegal, Mme Fraisse, Mr. Garguillo, Milly, Cadet, Mr. Fabre, Abastado, Yaya Konate, Mamadou Dante, Siriman, Mohammed Maiga, Nina Okagbue, Mr. Balthazar de Residence Jean Zay of Anthony, France, Pa Adekunde, Pa Timothy - Asobele, Mme. Esther Ibirewo, Grace Asobele, Funmi Asobele, Dare, Toba, Yetunde Asobele (my children). Paul Asobele, Rev. P.Osapegun, Bishop Ogbonyomi, Mr. Segun Are, Mr. Severin Naiye, Mme. Ola Okuta, M. Ojagunoka F, Pa Osanaiye, Lynda Bendwell, Michel Morin, Richard Patry, Isaac Endeley, Erique Lukong, Sanni Mouftaou Amadou, Rev. F. A. Ajagbe and the University of Lagos authorities most especially Prof. Jelili Omotola, the Vice-chancellor, Prof. E.A. Eruvbetine, the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Miss. M. A. Johnson the Head of the Department of French, J.K. Ojo, Oke Ojo, Ajayi Ojo, Mrs. Olayemi Olewareju, Dr. Femi Ojo, Ope Tani-Olu, Kayode Tani- Olu, Femi and Augustine Omole, Mrs. Omojoro Femi, Toyin Olarewaju, Dolapo Adekunle, Beita Yusuf, Bunmi Adekunle, Toyin Adekunle, M. A. Usman Turaki of Ebiraland, Tunde Gbayisemore, F. D. Solomon, Ronke Hambolu, Tope Adedara, Bimbola Obatolu, Irewole Orisamolu, Simbo Obatolu, Hezekiah Afolabi, Ginette Gagnier Head of Service, Vesna Blazina of the Arts and Humanities Library of the University of Montreal, Mr. Wisdom Baiye the first French graduate from Government College Okene, Chief Okoya- Thomas, the Ashoju-Oba of Lagos, Malarn Adarnu Ciroma who went on French course inNiamey in the 1960s under Hamani Diori's fiat, AVM Ayo Osho, Ambassadors Shinkaiye and Dr. J. J. Lewu, Prof. Fajemirokun, Senator Brume for his great interest in ECOWAS, Azuibike Agbugba, Bayo Obatolu, Suleman Obatomi, Dr. Haruna Achem, Dr. Idowu Job, Brigadier Funso Olutumogun, Michael Medebi, Alfred Kehinde Joel, Monisoye Afolabi, Mr Dimeji Ajikobi, Prof. Kwofie, Andrew Makun, Michael Biodun Dare, Abubakar Audu, Prince of confluent State. Yakubu Mohammed, Ben Ekele, Dr. Owhotu. I also want to say a big thank you to Prof. Ade Kukoyi, Pa Babatunde 0 Kinyomi, Mrs. Olusola Taiwo ShodaInee Vaughan), Alhaja Rifudat O. Abbass, Alhaja Afusat O. Ojora-Adejiyan, iii Mrs. Remi Aderibigbe, Alhaji T. A. hinaba, Mr. harles Kola Shoderu Mrs. Yetunde Abraham-Ajayi, Mr . Yewande Akinsemoyin, Mr. Agiri- Johnson ~I~of La~os State ~ibrary Board who held the fort on my behalf as joint Chairman while I wa away in anada for four months to complete this book and many oth r (May - August 1998). I say t~ank you to the Spirit of Lago : " k Akete", Alhaji Ahmed Bola TI~ubu - the fighter for the re pect of human dignity and Alhaji Umaru Shmka~ of the brave new Nigeria. Alh ji aka Saadu, my Chemistry teacher m 1965 and Alhaji Alfa Wali, the first set to sit for WASC in Government College Okene in 1956. Ministers of Education and Agriculture respectively. Mrs. ekinat Yusuf Hon. Commissioner of Education Lagos and Alhaji Akint I" Mrs. Omotesho, Mr. Da Silva, Col. Mohammed Marwa all of La IOS • tate Government Dr. Edebiri Osaji, Ade-Ojo, Y. M. Maiangwa, Johnson, Echemin, EI~ho, Modum: Okeh.' The Managing Director of El, 'I-AO, SCOA, Societe General C~~dIt Lyonnais, Michelin, Peugcot (PAN), hibuike Nwosu, M/ Ajiboye Obajemu, Chris Adirnorah, II.R.II. Ado Ibrahim AIi Obaje Brigadier Daku and Yusuf Abubakur, Ad kunle, Gen;ral Nasko' Koton~ora, Aliyu Mohammed, Jcmiln Aliyu-Da uki, Amina and Ali~ Dasuki, Arc. Musa Tanko, Prof. ldachaba, Wambebe, Ignatius Nuwange J~~n Edzu:vah, Justice Sylvestcr nu. Sol mon Obande, Alhaji Is~ Ojibara, MISS.Mina Williams, Pr f. I. 11 M hammed and Suleman of Abuja University, Mohammed Bayero, Edcm Duke, Esther Bali, Yaya Abubakar, Hamza Ibrahim, Chief E. . Iwuayawu, the MD of Africa- Re, ~he Amb.assado~s of Morocco •. witz riand, I rael, Germany, M~XI~O,~razIl, Belgium, USSR, Ir land, I-ranee, India, Canada and Britain HIgh Commisioners. Mr. O. Akint nd Michelin Corporate ~ffairs ~anager, Dr. C.C. Osuala, I- d ral 1louse of Representa- trves, Chief (Sir) .~ennis, Unaka 0 u la ( 'hairman Dennis Group of Co. Ltd), Nze VIctor Chemezie 0 uala, 'hairrnan Chimex United Co. Ltd., Prof. Babs Fafunwa and Mr. Olatunde Bello, Miss Remi O~osanya, Mr. A. A. Owuye of Credit Lyonnr is, Or (Mrs) Bunmi BIU, Mrs. Nwosu and Mr.Geoffrey R. 1\11 rri f Societe Generale Ba~k .. Mr. De Young Nkire, Mr. laud e Dectot, the MD. Spibatignolles and Mr. Jean Francoise Picard. Mrs Olanrewaju Tella, the dynamic Vice-recteur Ndiawar arr of St. Louis University, Mr. Austine Ometoruwa, Citi Bank Nigeria, Miss Theresa Chukwuedo, Elufidipe, Nene Olaluwa, Basile Senghor, iv Foundation Leopold Sedar Senghor Dakar Senegal, Louis Camara Kola Ogunmola, Amadou Iy University of Dakar, Cheikh. Hamidou ~ane, Aminata Maiga Ka, Mme Fadiop Geye Sail St.- LOUIS,Or Len.ne Pe- ters, Banju, Alain Damiani, Mame Toure -Ngom, Mohamed Taifi F.~z, Prof. and Mr Ayuah, Mr & Mrs Alege of Union Bank, Lagos, Khadijat M Baye, Akin atiu Oshodi, Isiaka Tijani Dept Messenger, Mrs ~ker~le Dept leaner. Mr Salau, Ikediashi, Bolarinwa, Ekpanson, UOlver~lty of M ntreal for the donation of more than 200 books for Teaching Fr nch language to University of Lagos, Canadian Translati.on ~ureau, in tt wa, and Austrian Institute for Automated DocumentatIon m Graz, Austria, all the pioneers of Ife -Yoruba project, Office de I~nguage francaise de Quebec, Le Conseil superieur de la langue francaise de la France, Myke Ekoja of Embassy of Nigeria Dakar, Mr and Mrs Paul Fadile, Stella, Nnoyelum Anene Mrs Adeyeye, Ikwenobe, Ogunl.~ye, Fabunmi Okoro, Prosper Orafa, Obara, Clement Ojo, Yao, Alhaji A. O. Baka:e of Afribank, Alhaji Saddiku, Munirat Buhari, Mr Eni D. Eni, Ariole, Ike Gilbert, Dipe Alo, Boniface, Mr. John D. Edozien ~rs. Eniola Fadayomi, Mall. A. A. Ibrahim, Rev. Father Larose, Delisle, Roy, Pierre Bergeron, Pilon, Chatier, Butchet ofthe Holy Gho~t .Con- gregation, The Boulevar~ Qu~rters Montreal: Can~da: TIttlope Adejuwon, Esezobor, Dernck Aigbebeme, my chIl~ren s ~Iano tutor- to teach him gratitude. No big man, no small man 10 gratitude. v ? AVANT-PROPOS LE FRAN<;AIS AU NIGERIA: UNE CARTOGRAPHIE DYNAMIQUE LE NIGERIA L'OBSERVATOIRE DU FRAN<;AIS D'AFRIQUE Nous nous felicitons que I' Agence universitaire de la francophonie, une idee en marche avec une grande destinee, a constitue une reunion de concertation entre les reseaux de I' AUPELF-UREF Iors du premier seminaire sur I' observatoire du francais dans le monde a Paris, le 1ier avril 1998, dont I' objectif eta it de reflechir sur une methodologie de travail pour la creation d' observatoires regionaux de francais. Il faut insister la-dessus, I'installation d''observatoires' regionaux du francais va permettre d'etablir regulierement un diag- nostic de la situation du francais dans le monde, en particulier de sa place dans Ies systemes d'enseignement, qu'iI s'agisse du paysage mediatique, de I' activite des entreprises, des echanges intellectuelles, meme dans Ies pays non francophones comme le Nigeria, grace a ses trentaines de departement d'etudes francaises, Il s'agit de l'ernploi et le statut de la Iangue dans Ies pays comme le Nigeria qui ne participe pas encore aux sommets, mais qui a accorde a la Iangue francaise un statut de Iangue officielle en 1996 a Ouagadougou. Dans cette etude consacree a I'enseignement du francais au Nigeria, nous nous sommes engages a donner une image exacte de la itu tion du francais au Nigeria. Pour faire une enquete digne de foi et ntifique nous avonsjuge bon de situer I'enseignement du francais u Ni ria dans le contexte gIobalisant, qui consiste a faire un tour d'h ri n panoramique de I'enseignement du francais en Asie, en Am6riqu latine, en Afrique et au Sud-Ouest de l'Ocean Indien. Nous avons merne suivi avec un interet tout particulier I'enquete sur le francais au Liban, c' est a dire I 'Anatomie de lafrancophonie libanaise'. Une enquete menee par l'equipe de Selim Aboua a l'Universite St- Joseph de Beyrouth. Nous nous rejouissons de I'installation a Beyrouth au Liban du premier observatoire regional, qui travaille a la generalisation de la methodologie elaboree par l'Universite St Joseph, -~,-- 1 IIN 118-041-1.67-4 DL SJ. nmothy-Asobele est maitre de conferences au departement des langues vlvantes de l'Universite de Lagos, au Nigeria. 11 a ete fonne Cl Government College, Okene, Federal Government College Sokoto, a l'UnlvenHe de Dakar, Unlvenlty of Nigeria, Nsukka, Unlvenlte de Paris III Sorbonne. Ses articles ont paru dans Babel, Eureka, Nouvelles de la FI\ le lingulste, Meta, Ethloplques, Revue d'hlstolre du theatre, le fransals au Nigeria, LARES,Ife Journal of Foreign Languages, Nigerian Language Teacher, Wrlten Vision, Etudes Germano-afrlcalnes, Humanities, Agogo, Approches Cl I'etude de la langue et de la litterature, fransaises etc. 11 est le redacteur de la Revue des Arts et Civilisation du Monde Noir(JBAAC). Sa piece OGU UMUNWANYI,consacr" Cl la lutle des femmes nlgerlanes contre les autorltes colonlales en 1929 est parue a Lagos en 1992. Une autre piece Gamil, consacree au mythe de Sire Ahmadu Bello est porue a Lagos en 1993. 11est membre de l'lnstitut des Affaires Intematlonales de Lagos et iI est le pr~ident du conseil d'admlnistration des bibliotheques de l'Etat de Lagos. Ses recherches portent sur la IIlterature fransalse et comparee, la Iitterature et culture africaines aussl bien que dans le domalne de la tradudlon Iitteralre. dited By OTUY ASOBELE